Part V · Knowledge and Expertise

Chapter 16

Universities and Think Tanks

Arena 4.1 · weight 3 · reading 15.7 · opposed majority

16.1Scope

Who produces ideas and trains the elite.¹

The arena is measured by think tanks by citation reach, vice-chancellors of 147 universities, academics’ open letters, research-council leadership, council grants, publishers, and foreign chairs and programmes.

Principal evidence: Think tanks and social-science institutes (28 Left, 13 Right) by court citations, Wikipedia links and news mentions (M7).

16.2Significance

Textbooks, court briefs, policy papers, foreign-media sources, the worldview of future officers.

16.3Indicators and weights

Table 16.1 lists the 7 indicators of the arena, the weight of each within the arena, and each indicator’s reading (the Hindutva-aligned share, from 0 to 100).

Table 16.1. Indicators of arena 4.1

Indicator	Weight	Reading
Think-tank citation reach (courts, Parliament, news, Wikipedia, OpenAlex)	0.30	7.0
Vice-chancellors (147 universities)	0.25	8.8
Academics’ open letters (signatories)	0.15	10.0
Research-council leadership appointed 2014-26²	0.15	26.6
Council grants on agenda themes³	0.05	6.5
Publishers and journals (revenue)	0.05	37.6
Endowed chairs and foreign South Asia programmes (₹ a year; endowments at a 5% payout)⁴	0.05	73.3
Arena reading	1.00	15.7

16.4Reading

The arena reads 15.7, 34.3 points below parity, and is classified as opposed majority (a reading below 45). With a weight of 3 of a total 107.7, it contributes 0.44 points to the composite reading of 45.7.

The indicators diverge: the highest reading is for endowed chairs and foreign South Asia programmes (₹ a year; endowments at a 5% payout) (73.3), the lowest for council grants on agenda themes (6.5).

Figure 16.1. Readings of arena 4.1 by indicator

050100

Think-tank citation reach (courts, Parliament, news, Wikipedia, OpenAlex)7.0

Vice-chancellors (147 universities)8.8

Academics’ open letters (signatories)10.0

Research-council leadership appointed 2014-2626.6

Council grants on agenda themes6.5

Publishers and journals (revenue)37.6

Endowed chairs and foreign South Asia programmes (₹ a year; endowments at a 5% payout)73.3

Arena reading15.7

Hindutva-alignedOpposed

Each bar divides the indicator between Hindutva-aligned (left) and opposed (right) holdings. The vertical rule marks parity.

16.5Measures and exhibits

The exhibits below are the Atlas’s own views of the data behind each measure: shares by side, the largest units, breakdowns by source, recipient and country, money-flow diagrams and time series. Full row-level ledgers are in the data file (Appendix D).

Measure 1. Think-tank citation reach (courts, Parliament, news, Wikipedia, OpenAlex)

Reading 7.0%

Figure 16.2. Hindutva-aligned vs opposed, counted rows (index points (all think tanks = 100))

Hindutva-aligned 5.8 index points (all think tanks = 100) · 5.8%Opposed 68.0 index points (all think tanks = 100) · 68.1%Transactional 9.57 index points (all think tanks = 100) · 9.6%Neutral / not counted 16.4 index points (all think tanks = 100) · 16.5%

Data table

	index points (all think tanks = 100)	Share
Hindutva-aligned	5.8	5.8%
Opposed	68.0	68.1%
Transactional	9.57	9.6%
Neutral / not counted	16.4	16.5%

Figure 16.3. The 15 biggest of 70 (index points (all think tanks = 100))

Association for Democratic Reforms13.1

Observer Research Foundation9.23

National Council of Applied Economic Research8.93

Centre for Social and Economic Progress (CSEP Research Foundation; formerly Brookings Institution India Center /7.52

Institute for Social and Economic Change5.03

National Institute of Public Finance and Policy4.07

Centre for Development Studies3.94

PRS Legislative Research (Institute for Policy Research Studies)3.82

Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses3.79

Centre for Policy Research3.65

Rajiv Gandhi Foundation (incl. Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies, RGICS)3.44

Indian Council of World Affairs3.06

Vivekananda Kendra (Kanyakumari)2.97

Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative2.59

Council on Energy, Environment and Water2.52

Hindutva-alignedOpposedTransactionalNeutral / not counted

Data table

	index points (all think tanks = 100)	Side
Association for Democratic Reforms	13.1	Opposed
Observer Research Foundation	9.23	Transactional
National Council of Applied Economic Research	8.93	Neutral / not counted
Centre for Social and Economic Progress (CSEP Research Foundation; formerly Brookings Institution India Center /	7.52	Opposed
Institute for Social and Economic Change	5.03	Opposed
National Institute of Public Finance and Policy	4.07	Opposed
Centre for Development Studies	3.94	Opposed
PRS Legislative Research (Institute for Policy Research Studies)	3.82	Neutral / not counted
Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses	3.79	Opposed
Centre for Policy Research	3.65	Opposed
Rajiv Gandhi Foundation (incl. Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies, RGICS)	3.44	Opposed
Indian Council of World Affairs	3.06	Neutral / not counted
Vivekananda Kendra (Kanyakumari)	2.97	Hindutva-aligned
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative	2.59	Opposed
Council on Energy, Environment and Water	2.52	Opposed

Figure 16.4. Think tanks by reach: news articles 2017-26 + Wikipedia pages linking to themGDELT and Wikipedia counts (Atlas M7).

Common Cause5,57,491

JNU69,597

ICMR64,332

Aligarh Muslim University30,133

IISc26,318

Observer Research Foundation22,846

ASI20,478

Jadavpur University15,129

Centre for Policy Studies Chennai9,736

University of Hyderabad8,673

Brookings India5,682

Accountability Initiative4,752

Azim Premji University4,726

Internet Freedom Foundation4,713

Gateway House4,035

Council on Energy Environment and Water3,916

Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies3,460

DAKSH3,384

NIPFP3,135

Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative3,134

Lokniti3,035

PRS Legislative Research2,951

OpposedNeutral / not counted

Data table

	Value	Side
Common Cause	5,57,491	Opposed
JNU	69,597	Neutral / not counted
ICMR	64,332	Neutral / not counted
Aligarh Muslim University	30,133	Neutral / not counted
IISc	26,318	Neutral / not counted
Observer Research Foundation	22,846	Neutral / not counted
ASI	20,478	Neutral / not counted
Jadavpur University	15,129	Neutral / not counted
Centre for Policy Studies Chennai	9,736	Neutral / not counted
University of Hyderabad	8,673	Neutral / not counted
Brookings India	5,682	Neutral / not counted
Accountability Initiative	4,752	Neutral / not counted
Azim Premji University	4,726	Neutral / not counted
Internet Freedom Foundation	4,713	Opposed
Gateway House	4,035	Neutral / not counted
Council on Energy Environment and Water	3,916	Opposed
Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies	3,460	Neutral / not counted
DAKSH	3,384	Neutral / not counted
NIPFP	3,135	Neutral / not counted
Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative	3,134	Opposed
Lokniti	3,035	Neutral / not counted
PRS Legislative Research	2,951	Neutral / not counted

Figure 16.5. Hindutva-aligned vs opposed, counted rows (₹ crore a year)

Hindutva-aligned 38.2 ₹ crore a year · 2.4%Opposed 1,425 ₹ crore a year · 88.2%Transactional 62.3 ₹ crore a year · 3.9%Neutral / not counted 90.5 ₹ crore a year · 5.6%

Data table

	₹ crore a year	Share
Hindutva-aligned	38.2	2.4%
Opposed	1,425	88.2%
Transactional	62.3	3.9%
Neutral / not counted	90.5	5.6%

Figure 16.6. The 15 biggest of 31 (₹ crore a year)

Others / unattributed (48 think tanks publishing no income; M7 class estimate)770

Pratham Education Foundation (ASER)192

Council on Energy, Environment and Water92

WRI India (India Resources Trust)84.3

Observer Research Foundation62.3

Centre for Science and Environment59.4

National Council of Applied Economic Research47.4

Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment47.1

Hindu American Foundation (US; India-facing advocacy)31.6

Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy28.4

Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations26.7

National Institute of Public Finance and Policy23.5

Indian Council of World Affairs22.4

Centre for Social and Economic Progress (CSEP Research Foundation; formerly Brookings Institution India Center /21.8

Research and Information System for Developing Countries20.8

Hindutva-alignedOpposedTransactionalNeutral / not counted

Data table

	₹ crore a year	Side
Others / unattributed (48 think tanks publishing no income; M7 class estimate)	770	Opposed
Pratham Education Foundation (ASER)	192	Opposed
Council on Energy, Environment and Water	92	Opposed
WRI India (India Resources Trust)	84.3	Opposed
Observer Research Foundation	62.3	Transactional
Centre for Science and Environment	59.4	Opposed
National Council of Applied Economic Research	47.4	Neutral / not counted
Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment	47.1	Opposed
Hindu American Foundation (US; India-facing advocacy)	31.6	Hindutva-aligned
Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy	28.4	Opposed
Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations	26.7	Opposed
National Institute of Public Finance and Policy	23.5	Opposed
Indian Council of World Affairs	22.4	Neutral / not counted
Centre for Social and Economic Progress (CSEP Research Foundation; formerly Brookings Institution India Center /	21.8	Opposed
Research and Information System for Developing Countries	20.8	Neutral / not counted

Figure 16.7. Over time: think tank income (Observer Research Foundation, Centre for Policy Research, Rajiv Gandhi Foundation and 3 more) (₹ crore)

Think tank income: Observer Research FoundationThink tank income: Centre for Policy ResearchThink tank income: Rajiv Gandhi Foundation (incl. Rajiv Gandhi Institute for CoThink tank income: Centre for Social and Economic Progress (CSEP Research FoundThink tank income: Centre for Civil SocietyThink tank income: Council on Energy, Environment and Water

Data table

	Think tank income: Observer Research Foundation	Think tank income: Centre for Policy Research	Think tank income: Rajiv Gandhi Foundation (incl. Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Co	Think tank income: Centre for Social and Economic Progress (CSEP Research Found	Think tank income: Centre for Civil Society	Think tank income: Council on Energy, Environment and Water
2013				5.74
2015		22.9	10.7
2016	40.2	25.5	10.8
2017	35.0		9.71
2018	38.2	36.0	9.09
2019	43.3	36.2	9.04
2020	27.2		7.65
2021	33.5	19.3	8.42	11.6	8.64
2022	57.6	30.5	8.04		8.58
2023	54.1	11.0	10.8	24.3	6.34	92
2024	55.4	0.99		21.8	6.07
2025	62.3

Measure 2. Vice-chancellors (147 universities)

Reading 8.8%

Figure 16.8. Hindutva-aligned vs opposed, counted rows (university (VC post))

Hindutva-aligned 13 university (VC post) · 8.8%Opposed 134 university (VC post) · 91.2%Transactional 0 university (VC post) · 0.0%Neutral / not counted 0 university (VC post) · 0.0%

Data table

	university (VC post)	Share
Hindutva-aligned	13	8.8%
Opposed	134	91.2%
Transactional	0	0.0%
Neutral / not counted	0	0.0%

Figure 16.9. The 15 biggest of 147 (university (VC post))

Indian Institute of Science1

Jawaharlal Nehru University1

Manipal Academy of Higher Education1

Jamia Millia Islamia1

University of Delhi1

Banaras Hindu University1

BITS Pilani1

Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham1

Jadavpur University1

Aligarh Muslim University1

SRM Institute of Science and Technology1

Homi Bhabha National Institute1

Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences1

Vellore Institute of Technology1

Siksha 'O' Anusandhan1

Hindutva-alignedOpposed

Data table

	university (VC post)	Side
Indian Institute of Science	1	Opposed
Jawaharlal Nehru University	1	Hindutva-aligned
Manipal Academy of Higher Education	1	Opposed
Jamia Millia Islamia	1	Hindutva-aligned
University of Delhi	1	Hindutva-aligned
Banaras Hindu University	1	Opposed
BITS Pilani	1	Opposed
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham	1	Hindutva-aligned
Jadavpur University	1	Opposed
Aligarh Muslim University	1	Opposed
SRM Institute of Science and Technology	1	Opposed
Homi Bhabha National Institute	1	Opposed
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences	1	Opposed
Vellore Institute of Technology	1	Opposed
Siksha 'O' Anusandhan	1	Opposed

Measure 3. Academics’ open letters (signatories)

Reading 10.0%

Figure 16.10. Hindutva-aligned vs opposed, counted rows (signatories)

Hindutva-aligned 4,022 signatories · 10.0%Opposed 36,245 signatories · 90.0%Transactional 0 signatories · 0.0%Neutral / not counted 0 signatories · 0.0%

Data table

	signatories	Share
Hindutva-aligned	4,022	10.0%
Opposed	36,245	90.0%
Transactional	0	0.0%
Neutral / not counted	0	0.0%

Figure 16.11. The 15 biggest of 31 (signatories)

Statement of solidarity condemning police action at Jamia Millia and AMU10,293

Solidarity statement accusing JNU admin of complicity in 5 Jan 2020 attack8,700

Global solidarity statement: stop the witch-hunt of Anand Teltumbde (Bhima Koregaon/Elgar Parishad case)5,985

Statement condemning targeting of hijab-wearing Muslim students in Karnataka1,850

'An Appeal Against Exclusion of Evolution from Curriculum' (NCERT Darwin removal)1,800

Indian scientists and scholars' statement against Citizenship Amendment Bill1,200

Academics' statement of solidarity with 'Dismantling Global Hindutva' conference1,100

Statement by academics and scholars supporting CAA ('avoid propaganda trap')1,000

Public letter: Ali Khan Mahmudabad 'a good citizen and true patriot' (demand Haryana Women's Commission retract summons)1,000

Open letter of academics to PM supporting the three farm laws850

Academics and intellectuals' statement opposing CAB (incl. Romila Thapar, Ramachandra Guha)800

Researchers and students' letter against farm laws (Bengaluru)800

Panun Kashmir memorandum of 700 eminent Kashmiri Pandits supporting Art. 370 abrogation700

Letter to CJI seeking action against Ali Khan Mahmudabad550

International academics' solidarity statement with JNU (sedition row)455

Hindutva-alignedOpposed

Data table

	signatories	Side
Statement of solidarity condemning police action at Jamia Millia and AMU	10,293	Opposed
Solidarity statement accusing JNU admin of complicity in 5 Jan 2020 attack	8,700	Opposed
Global solidarity statement: stop the witch-hunt of Anand Teltumbde (Bhima Koregaon/Elgar Parishad case)	5,985	Opposed
Statement condemning targeting of hijab-wearing Muslim students in Karnataka	1,850	Opposed
'An Appeal Against Exclusion of Evolution from Curriculum' (NCERT Darwin removal)	1,800	Opposed
Indian scientists and scholars' statement against Citizenship Amendment Bill	1,200	Opposed
Academics' statement of solidarity with 'Dismantling Global Hindutva' conference	1,100	Opposed
Statement by academics and scholars supporting CAA ('avoid propaganda trap')	1,000	Hindutva-aligned
Public letter: Ali Khan Mahmudabad 'a good citizen and true patriot' (demand Haryana Women's Commission retract summons)	1,000	Opposed
Open letter of academics to PM supporting the three farm laws	850	Hindutva-aligned
Academics and intellectuals' statement opposing CAB (incl. Romila Thapar, Ramachandra Guha)	800	Opposed
Researchers and students' letter against farm laws (Bengaluru)	800	Opposed
Panun Kashmir memorandum of 700 eminent Kashmiri Pandits supporting Art. 370 abrogation	700	Hindutva-aligned
Letter to CJI seeking action against Ali Khan Mahmudabad	550	Hindutva-aligned
International academics' solidarity statement with JNU (sedition row)	455	Opposed

Figure 16.12. Academics’ open letters by year36 letters 2015-26 (research round 7).

20153

20162

201910

20206

20213

20221

20236

20241

20253

20261

For the governmentAgainst the government

Data table

	For the government	Against the government	Total
2015	1	2	3
2016	0	2	2
2019	3	7	10
2020	3	3	6
2021	0	3	3
2022	0	1	1
2023	1	5	6
2024	1	0	1
2025	2	1	3
2026	1	0	1

Figure 16.13. Over time: academic open letters · letters

Data table

	Academic open letters (count)
2015	2
2016	2
2019	7
2020	3
2021	3
2022	1
2023	5
2024	1
2025	1
2026	1

Figure 16.14. Over time: academic open letters · signatories

Data table

	Academic open letters (signatories, known counts)
2015	107
2016	805
2019	18,769
2020	9,141
2021	2,050
2022	1,850
2023	2,523
2024	181
2025	1,000
2026	160

Measure 4. Research-council leadership appointed 2014-26

Reading 26.6%

17 of 64 posts with a documented Sangh link; the 16 IGNCA trustees counted one by one (owner, round 2 D6); Ram Bahadur Rai and Santishree Pandit recoded; the NMML “removed members” row is not a post

Figure 16.15. Hindutva-aligned vs opposed, counted rows (number of posts)

Hindutva-aligned 19 number of posts · 16.7%Opposed 95 number of posts · 83.3%Transactional 0 number of posts · 0.0%Neutral / not counted 0 number of posts · 0.0%

Data table

	number of posts	Share
Hindutva-aligned	19	16.7%
Opposed	95	83.3%
Transactional	0	0.0%
Neutral / not counted	0	0.0%

Figure 16.16. The 15 biggest of 114 (number of posts)

ICSSR: V.R. Panchamukhi (Chairman)1

ICSSR: Andre Beteille (Chairman)1

ICSSR: Javeed Alam (Chairman)1

ICSSR: Sukhadeo Thorat (Chairman)1

ICSSR: Braj Bihari (B.B.) Kumar (Chairman)1

ICSSR: Bhushan Patwardhan (Chairman (Additional Charge))1

ICSSR: P. Kanagasabapathi (Chairman (acting/additional))1

ICSSR: J.K. Bajaj (Chairman)1

ICSSR: Deepak Kumar Srivastava (Chairman (Additional Charge))1

ICSSR: Madhukarbhai S. Padvi (Chairman (Additional Charge))1

ICSSR: Bhaskar Chatterjee, IAS (Member Secretary)1

ICSSR: Atindra Sen, IAS (Member Secretary)1

ICSSR: T.C.A. Anant (Member Secretary)1

ICSSR: (not listed on ICSSR site) (Member Secretary)1

ICSSR: Ramesh Dadhich (Member Secretary)1

Hindutva-alignedOpposed

Data table

	number of posts	Side
ICSSR: V.R. Panchamukhi (Chairman)	1	Opposed
ICSSR: Andre Beteille (Chairman)	1	Opposed
ICSSR: Javeed Alam (Chairman)	1	Opposed
ICSSR: Sukhadeo Thorat (Chairman)	1	Opposed
ICSSR: Braj Bihari (B.B.) Kumar (Chairman)	1	Hindutva-aligned
ICSSR: Bhushan Patwardhan (Chairman (Additional Charge))	1	Opposed
ICSSR: P. Kanagasabapathi (Chairman (acting/additional))	1	Opposed
ICSSR: J.K. Bajaj (Chairman)	1	Hindutva-aligned
ICSSR: Deepak Kumar Srivastava (Chairman (Additional Charge))	1	Opposed
ICSSR: Madhukarbhai S. Padvi (Chairman (Additional Charge))	1	Opposed
ICSSR: Bhaskar Chatterjee, IAS (Member Secretary)	1	Opposed
ICSSR: Atindra Sen, IAS (Member Secretary)	1	Opposed
ICSSR: T.C.A. Anant (Member Secretary)	1	Opposed
ICSSR: (not listed on ICSSR site) (Member Secretary)	1	Opposed
ICSSR: Ramesh Dadhich (Member Secretary)	1	Opposed

Measure 5. Council grants on agenda themes

Reading 6.5%

ICSSR 5.6%, ICHR 36.4%, money-weighted (ICSSR 2018-25, ICHR 2013-24)

Figure 16.17. Hindutva-aligned vs opposed, counted rows (₹ crore)

Hindutva-aligned 25.8 ₹ crore · 4.3%Opposed 0 ₹ crore · 0.0%Transactional 0 ₹ crore · 0.0%Neutral / not counted 567 ₹ crore · 95.7%

Data table

	₹ crore	Share
Hindutva-aligned	25.8	4.3%
Opposed	0	0.0%
Transactional	0	0.0%
Neutral / not counted	567	95.7%

Figure 16.18. The 15 biggest of 27 (₹ crore)

ICSSR grants: institutional core grant234

ICSSR grants: environment/climate/energy42.5

ICSSR grants: Kashmir/NE37.3

ICSSR grants: education33.3

ICSSR grants: economy33.3

ICSSR grants: gender30.4

ICSSR grants: governance/policy/security29.3

ICSSR grants: health26.2

ICSSR grants: other21.7

ICSSR grants: tribal/adivasi21.6

ICSSR grants: Indian knowledge traditions18.4

ICSSR grants: caste/social exclusion13.1

ICSSR grants: religion11.2

ICSSR grants: language/literature/culture/media9.49

ICSSR grants: history7.21

Hindutva-alignedNeutral / not counted

Data table

	₹ crore	Side
ICSSR grants: institutional core grant	234	Neutral / not counted
ICSSR grants: environment/climate/energy	42.5	Neutral / not counted
ICSSR grants: Kashmir/NE	37.3	Neutral / not counted
ICSSR grants: education	33.3	Neutral / not counted
ICSSR grants: economy	33.3	Neutral / not counted
ICSSR grants: gender	30.4	Neutral / not counted
ICSSR grants: governance/policy/security	29.3	Neutral / not counted
ICSSR grants: health	26.2	Neutral / not counted
ICSSR grants: other	21.7	Neutral / not counted
ICSSR grants: tribal/adivasi	21.6	Neutral / not counted
ICSSR grants: Indian knowledge traditions	18.4	Hindutva-aligned
ICSSR grants: caste/social exclusion	13.1	Neutral / not counted
ICSSR grants: religion	11.2	Neutral / not counted
ICSSR grants: language/literature/culture/media	9.49	Neutral / not counted
ICSSR grants: history	7.21	Neutral / not counted

Figure 16.19. Over time: ICHR grant money, all themes, ICHR grant money, government-agenda themes, ICSSR grant money, all themes and 1 more · ₹ crore

ICHR grant money, all themesICHR grant money, government-agenda themes (IKS, ancient India, unsung heroes,ICSSR grant money, all themesICSSR grant money, government-agenda themes (IKS, ancient India, unsung heroes,

Data table

	ICHR grant money, all themes	ICHR grant money, government-agenda themes (IKS, ancient India, unsung heroes,	ICSSR grant money, all themes	ICSSR grant money, government-agenda themes (IKS, ancient India, unsung heroes,
2013	2.36	0.37
2014	1.3	0.36
2015	1.41	0.21
2018	1.31	0.25	0.21	0
2019	1.71	0.3	23.2	0.49
2020	2.63	0.63	39.2	0
2021	3.77	1.51	60.5	0.56
2022	3.04	1.38	82.2	2.24
2023	6.49	2.36	163	3.94
2024			201	11.2

Figure 16.20. Over time: ICHR agenda-theme share of grant money, ICSSR agenda-theme share of grant money · %

ICHR agenda-theme share of grant moneyICSSR agenda-theme share of grant money

Data table

	ICHR agenda-theme share of grant money	ICSSR agenda-theme share of grant money
2013	15.9
2014	27.8
2015	14.8
2018	18.7	0
2019	17.5	2.1
2020	23.8	0
2021	39.9	0.9
2022	45.5	2.7
2023	36.4	2.4
2024		5.6

Measure 6. Publishers and journals (revenue)

Reading 37.6%

Figure 16.21. Hindutva-aligned vs opposed, counted rows (₹ crore)

Hindutva-aligned 505 ₹ crore · 35.4%Opposed 838 ₹ crore · 58.8%Transactional 0 ₹ crore · 0.0%Neutral / not counted 82.7 ₹ crore · 5.8%

Data table

	₹ crore	Share
Hindutva-aligned	505	35.4%
Opposed	838	58.8%
Transactional	0	0.0%
Neutral / not counted	82.7	5.8%

Figure 16.22. The 15 biggest of 17 (₹ crore)

National Book Trust, India (NBT)329

Penguin Random House India Pvt Ltd266

Orient BlackSwan Pvt Ltd207

Gita Press, Gorakhpur (Gobind Bhavan Karyalaya)138

HarperCollins Publishers India Pvt Ltd100

Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd100

Central Sanskrit University (and 2 other central Sanskrit universities)66.2

Rupa Publications India58.8

Bloomsbury Publishing India Pvt Ltd50

Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) Division / scheme (MoE, at AICTE)35

Prabhat Prakashan34.5

Sahitya Akademi (publishing)16.5

Juggernaut Books10

Pratilipi (Nasadiya Technologies Pvt Ltd)7.88

Infinity Foundation (Princeton NJ; founder Rajiv Malhotra)3.29

Hindutva-alignedOpposedNeutral / not counted

Data table

	₹ crore	Side
National Book Trust, India (NBT)	329	Hindutva-aligned
Penguin Random House India Pvt Ltd	266	Opposed
Orient BlackSwan Pvt Ltd	207	Opposed
Gita Press, Gorakhpur (Gobind Bhavan Karyalaya)	138	Hindutva-aligned
HarperCollins Publishers India Pvt Ltd	100	Opposed
Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd	100	Opposed
Central Sanskrit University (and 2 other central Sanskrit universities)	66.2	Neutral / not counted
Rupa Publications India	58.8	Opposed
Bloomsbury Publishing India Pvt Ltd	50	Opposed
Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) Division / scheme (MoE, at AICTE)	35	Hindutva-aligned
Prabhat Prakashan	34.5	Opposed
Sahitya Akademi (publishing)	16.5	Neutral / not counted
Juggernaut Books	10	Opposed
Pratilipi (Nasadiya Technologies Pvt Ltd)	7.88	Opposed
Infinity Foundation (Princeton NJ; founder Rajiv Malhotra)	3.29	Hindutva-aligned

Measure 7. Endowed chairs and foreign South Asia programmes (₹ a year; endowments at a 5% payout)

Reading 73.3%

One-off endowments and gifts counted at a 5% yearly payout, yearly budgets as they are (owner, round 2 D1; audit DATA14-017)

Figure 16.23. Hindutva-aligned vs opposed, counted rows (₹ crore a year)

Hindutva-aligned 61.8 ₹ crore a year · 71.8%Opposed 22.5 ₹ crore a year · 26.1%Transactional 0 ₹ crore a year · 0.0%Neutral / not counted 1.74 ₹ crore a year · 2.0%

Data table

	₹ crore a year	Share
Hindutva-aligned	61.8	71.8%
Opposed	22.5	26.1%
Transactional	0	0.0%
Neutral / not counted	1.74	2.0%

Figure 16.24. The 15 biggest of 50 (₹ crore a year)

Hindu University of America (Florida-licensed, est. 1989) (Hindu University of America)24.3

HAF - academia-related positions and litigation (Hindu American Foundation (advocacy, not a programme))21.8

Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies (OCHS) (charity 1074458) (University of Oxford (independent charity))12.5

Lakshmi Mittal and Family South Asia Institute (endowed fund) (Harvard University)8.05

Saxena Center for Contemporary South Asia (India Initiative 2012 -> CCSA -> Saxena Center 2022) (Brown University3.93

Bagchi School of Public Health (school-level endowment, not a chair) (Ahmedabad University)2.75

Four proposed chairs in Hindu/Indic studies (2 rejected, 2 reviewed) (University of California, Irvine)2

Dr B.R. Ambedkar Chair + 10 PhD fellowships (BARTI) (London School of Economics)1.86

3 brain-research chairs (Pratiksha Trust) (Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru)1.5

Murty Classical Library of India (Harvard University Press)1.19

Hindu studies visiting position / planned chair (University of Southern California)0.87

Endowed chair in Sikh studies (University of Toronto Mississauga)0.75

Shri Parshvanath Presidential Chair in Jain Studies (University of California, Irvine)0.71

Bhagawan Abhinandan Endowed Chair for Jain Studies and Religions of South Asia (University of California, Los Angeles)0.65

Chair in Indian Studies (University of Oxford (Faculty of Oriental Studies))0.61

Hindutva-alignedOpposedNeutral / not counted

Data table

	₹ crore a year	Side
Hindu University of America (Florida-licensed, est. 1989) (Hindu University of America)	24.3	Hindutva-aligned
HAF - academia-related positions and litigation (Hindu American Foundation (advocacy, not a programme))	21.8	Hindutva-aligned
Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies (OCHS) (charity 1074458) (University of Oxford (independent charity))	12.5	Hindutva-aligned
Lakshmi Mittal and Family South Asia Institute (endowed fund) (Harvard University)	8.05	Opposed
Saxena Center for Contemporary South Asia (India Initiative 2012 -> CCSA -> Saxena Center 2022) (Brown University	3.93	Opposed
Bagchi School of Public Health (school-level endowment, not a chair) (Ahmedabad University)	2.75	Opposed
Four proposed chairs in Hindu/Indic studies (2 rejected, 2 reviewed) (University of California, Irvine)	2	Hindutva-aligned
Dr B.R. Ambedkar Chair + 10 PhD fellowships (BARTI) (London School of Economics)	1.86	Opposed
3 brain-research chairs (Pratiksha Trust) (Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru)	1.5	Opposed
Murty Classical Library of India (Harvard University Press)	1.19	Opposed
Hindu studies visiting position / planned chair (University of Southern California)	0.87	Hindutva-aligned
Endowed chair in Sikh studies (University of Toronto Mississauga)	0.75	Opposed
Shri Parshvanath Presidential Chair in Jain Studies (University of California, Irvine)	0.71	Opposed
Bhagawan Abhinandan Endowed Chair for Jain Studies and Religions of South Asia (University of California, Los Angeles)	0.65	Opposed
Chair in Indian Studies (University of Oxford (Faculty of Oriental Studies))	0.61	Neutral / not counted

16.6Evidence base

The arena rests on 701 coded units and 160 time-series points. Of the units and flows, 110 are coded Hindutva-aligned, 489 opposed and 102 neutral, mixed or transactional. By source grade: 251 grade A, 46 grade B, 187 grade C, 75 grade D, 140 grade E.

The full set of rows for this arena, each with its source, is in the Atlas data file (Appendix D).

Notes

Atlas M7; NIRF; letters. ↩
17 of 64 posts with a documented Sangh link; the 16 IGNCA trustees counted one by one (owner, round 2 D6); Ram Bahadur Rai and Santishree Pandit recoded; the NMML “removed members” row is not a post. ↩
ICSSR 5.6%, ICHR 36.4%, money-weighted (ICSSR 2018-25, ICHR 2013-24). ↩
One-off endowments and gifts counted at a 5% yearly payout, yearly budgets as they are (owner, round 2 D1; audit DATA14-017). ↩