The India Power Atlas
Part VI · Media and Narrative
Chapter 24

Cinema and Streaming

Arena 5.6 · weight 2 · reading 56.3 · contested

24.1Scope

The political framing of what people watch.1

The arena is measured by box office of politically framed films 2024-26 and since 2014, streaming originals by viewership, and the National Film Awards.

Principal evidence: 349 top-grossing films 2014-26 in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam (M6): of films with a political frame, 35% carry the Hindutva frame by count and 54% by box-office gross (2024-26: 70% by gross, driven by Hindi); southern industries are almost wholly the other way. Streaming (151 most-watched Indian originals, research H): of the politically framed titles, 4 carry the Hindutva frame and 8 the other (33% by count, 29% by viewership; thin evidence: framed titles are ~9% of viewing, and the Aashram franchise alone carries much of the other side’s weight). Streaming counts 60%, cinema 40%. .

24.2Significance

Long-run values, memory of history, the image of communities and the State.

24.3Indicators and weights

Table 24.1 lists the 3 indicators of the arena, the weight of each within the arena, and each indicator’s reading (the Hindutva-aligned share, from 0 to 100).

Table 24.1. Indicators of arena 5.6

IndicatorWeightReading
Cinema 2024-26 (gross and title share)20.0966.6
Cinema 2014-2630.0349.3
Streaming (originals and films streamed; count and Ormax viewership)40.8955.6
Arena reading1.0056.3

24.4Reading

The arena reads 56.3, 6.3 points above parity, and is classified as contested (a reading from 45 to below 60). With a weight of 2 of a total 107.7, it contributes 1.05 points to the composite reading of 45.7.

The indicators diverge: the highest reading is for cinema 2024-26 (gross and title share) (66.6), the lowest for cinema 2014-26 (49.3).

Figure 24.1. Readings of arena 5.6 by indicator
050100
Cinema 2024-26 (gross and title share)66.6
Cinema 2014-2649.3
Streaming (originals and films streamed; count and Ormax viewership)55.6
Arena reading56.3
Hindutva-alignedOpposed

Each bar divides the indicator between Hindutva-aligned (left) and opposed (right) holdings. The vertical rule marks parity.

24.5Measures and exhibits

The exhibits below are the Atlas’s own views of the data behind each measure: shares by side, the largest units, breakdowns by source, recipient and country, money-flow diagrams and time series. Full row-level ledgers are in the data file (Appendix D).

Measure 1. Cinema 2024-26 (gross and title share)

Reading 66.6%

gross 70.1, titles 63.0 (17 H vs 10 R titles, 101 films); from the cleaned film_units rows (owner, round 2 D17)

Figure 24.2. Cinema by industry, 2014-26: share of politically framed box officeTop-grossing films; only films with a political frame count (Atlas M6).
ALL349 films · ₹83,555 cr gross53.6%53.6 : 46.4
Hindi130 films · ₹42,854 cr gross63.4%63.4 : 36.6
Kannada62 films · ₹5,886 cr gross0.0%0 : 100
Malayalam29 films · ₹4,086 cr gross0.0%0 : 100
Tamil63 films · ₹13,611 cr gross36.7%36.7 : 63.3
Telugu65 films · ₹17,118 cr gross0.0%0 : 100
Hindutva frameOpposed frame
Data table
Hindutva frameOpposed frameHindutva frame share
ALL (349 films · ₹83,555 cr gross)53.646.453.6%
Hindi (130 films · ₹42,854 cr gross)63.436.663.4%
Kannada (62 films · ₹5,886 cr gross)01000.0%
Malayalam (29 films · ₹4,086 cr gross)01000.0%
Tamil (63 films · ₹13,611 cr gross)36.763.336.7%
Telugu (65 films · ₹17,118 cr gross)01000.0%
Figure 24.3. Cinema over time, all industries
2014-18130 films20.4%20.4 : 79.6
2014-26349 films53.6%53.6 : 46.4
2019-23129 films53.6%53.6 : 46.4
2024-2690 films70.0%70 : 30
Hindutva frameOpposed frame
Data table
Hindutva frameOpposed frameHindutva frame share
2014-18 (130 films)20.479.620.4%
2014-26 (349 films)53.646.453.6%
2019-23 (129 films)53.646.453.6%
2024-26 (90 films)703070.0%
Figure 24.4. Hindutva-aligned vs opposed, counted rows (₹ crore gross)
Hindutva-aligned 5,275 ₹ crore gross · 19.9%Opposed 2,245 ₹ crore gross · 8.5%Transactional 0 ₹ crore gross · 0.0%Neutral / not counted 19,016 ₹ crore gross · 71.7%
Data table
₹ crore grossShare
Hindutva-aligned5,27519.9%
Opposed2,2458.5%
Transactional00.0%
Neutral / not counted19,01671.7%
Figure 24.5. The 15 biggest of 96 (₹ crore gross)
Dhurandhar: The Revenge1,852
Pushpa 2: The Rule1,642
Dhurandhar1,351
Kalki 2898 AD1,042
Stree 2875
Kantara: Chapter 1850
Chhaava797
Jailer 2628
Saiyaara579
Drishyam: The Conclusion562
Coolie504
Border 2465
Hanuman Ansh441
The Greatest of All Time440
Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3424
Hindutva-alignedOpposedNeutral / not counted
Data table
₹ crore grossSide
Dhurandhar: The Revenge1,852Hindutva-aligned
Pushpa 2: The Rule1,642Neutral / not counted
Dhurandhar1,351Hindutva-aligned
Kalki 2898 AD1,042Neutral / not counted
Stree 2875Opposed
Kantara: Chapter 1850Neutral / not counted
Chhaava797Hindutva-aligned
Jailer 2628Neutral / not counted
Saiyaara579Neutral / not counted
Drishyam: The Conclusion562Neutral / not counted
Coolie504Neutral / not counted
Border 2465Neutral / not counted
Hanuman Ansh441Neutral / not counted
The Greatest of All Time440Neutral / not counted
Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3424Neutral / not counted
Figure 24.6. Over time: cinema gross, FRAME sample (₹ crore)
01,0002,0002014201620182020202220242026Cinema gross, FRAME sample (box-office top-N) 2014: 176₹ croreCinema gross, FRAME sample (box-office top-N) 2015: 0₹ croreCinema gross, FRAME sample (box-office top-N) 2016: 0₹ croreCinema gross, FRAME sample (box-office top-N) 2017: 0₹ croreCinema gross, FRAME sample (box-office top-N) 2018: 572₹ croreCinema gross, FRAME sample (box-office top-N) 2019: 342₹ croreCinema gross, FRAME sample (box-office top-N) 2020: 618₹ croreCinema gross, FRAME sample (box-office top-N) 2021: 353₹ croreCinema gross, FRAME sample (box-office top-N) 2022: 435₹ croreCinema gross, FRAME sample (box-office top-N) 2023: 304₹ croreCinema gross, FRAME sample (box-office top-N) 2024: 1,165₹ croreCinema gross, FRAME sample (box-office top-N) 2025: 2,148₹ croreCinema gross, FRAME sample (box-office top-N) 2026: 1,852₹ crore1,852
Data table
Cinema gross, FRAME sample (box-office top-N)
2014176
20150
20160
20170
2018572
2019342
2020618
2021353
2022435
2023304
20241,165
20252,148
20261,852

Measure 2. Cinema 2014-26

Reading 49.3%

gross 54.3, titles 44.3 (35 H vs 44 R titles, 386 films); from the cleaned rows (owner, round 2 D17)

Figure 24.7. Hindutva-aligned vs opposed, counted rows (₹ crore gross)
Hindutva-aligned 8,099 ₹ crore gross · 9.9%Opposed 6,826 ₹ crore gross · 8.3%Transactional 0 ₹ crore gross · 0.0%Neutral / not counted 66,870 ₹ crore gross · 81.8%
Data table
₹ crore grossShare
Hindutva-aligned8,0999.9%
Opposed6,8268.3%
Transactional00.0%
Neutral / not counted66,87081.8%
Figure 24.8. The 15 biggest of 353 (₹ crore gross)
Dangal1,968
Dhurandhar: The Revenge1,852
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion1,811
Pushpa 2: The Rule1,642
RRR1,387
Dhurandhar1,351
K.G.F: Chapter 21,200
Jawan1,148
Pathaan1,050
Kalki 2898 AD1,042
Bajrangi Bhaijaan921
Animal905
Stree 2875
Secret Superstar858
Kantara: Chapter 1850
Hindutva-alignedOpposedNeutral / not counted
Data table
₹ crore grossSide
Dangal1,968Neutral / not counted
Dhurandhar: The Revenge1,852Hindutva-aligned
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion1,811Neutral / not counted
Pushpa 2: The Rule1,642Neutral / not counted
RRR1,387Neutral / not counted
Dhurandhar1,351Hindutva-aligned
K.G.F: Chapter 21,200Neutral / not counted
Jawan1,148Neutral / not counted
Pathaan1,050Neutral / not counted
Kalki 2898 AD1,042Neutral / not counted
Bajrangi Bhaijaan921Neutral / not counted
Animal905Neutral / not counted
Stree 2875Opposed
Secret Superstar858Opposed
Kantara: Chapter 1850Neutral / not counted

Measure 3. Streaming (originals and films streamed; count and Ormax viewership)

Reading 55.6%

211 titles: count 56.7, Ormax viewership 54.5 (Dhurandhar and Main Atal Hoon coded as in cinema, D57-004; IC 814 coded once, Hindutva by its M6 framing, owner round 2 D16). Blend set by audience (owner, 1 Nov 2026): half reach, half annual viewing hours. Reach: streaming 66.5 crore people (Ormax OTT Audience Report 2026) vs cinema 15.7 crore (Ormax Sizing the Cinema, 2023) = 80.9% streaming. Hours: cinema 83.2 crore tickets (Ormax Box Office 2025) x 2.5 h = 2.1 bn; streaming films and series taken as 10% of the 517 bn hours of online video (Ormax 2026; conservative) = 51.7 bn, 96.1% streaming. Streaming 88.5%, cinema 11.5% (recent and 2014-26 at 3:1)

Figure 24.9. Hindutva-aligned vs opposed, counted rows (million viewers (Ormax))
Hindutva-aligned 126 million viewers (Ormax) · 5.8%Opposed 106 million viewers (Ormax) · 4.9%Transactional 0 million viewers (Ormax) · 0.0%Neutral / not counted 1,937 million viewers (Ormax) · 89.3%
Data table
million viewers (Ormax)Share
Hindutva-aligned1265.8%
Opposed1064.9%
Transactional00.0%
Neutral / not counted1,93789.3%
Figure 24.10. The 15 biggest of 168 (million viewers (Ormax))
Farzi37.1
Rudra: The Edge of Darkness35.2
Dhurandhar35.2
Aashram S334.3
Mirzapur S330.8
Panchayat S229.6
Special Ops S229.6
The Night Manager28.6
Panchayat S328.2
Dhurandhar: The Revenge27.8
Criminal Justice: A Family Matter27.7
Ek Badnaam Aashram S3 Part 227.1
The Family Man S324.6
Panchayat S423.8
Taaza Khabar23.5
Hindutva-alignedOpposedNeutral / not counted
Data table
million viewers (Ormax)Side
Farzi37.1Neutral / not counted
Rudra: The Edge of Darkness35.2Neutral / not counted
Dhurandhar35.2Hindutva-aligned
Aashram S334.3Opposed
Mirzapur S330.8Neutral / not counted
Panchayat S229.6Neutral / not counted
Special Ops S229.6Hindutva-aligned
The Night Manager28.6Neutral / not counted
Panchayat S328.2Neutral / not counted
Dhurandhar: The Revenge27.8Hindutva-aligned
Criminal Justice: A Family Matter27.7Neutral / not counted
Ek Badnaam Aashram S3 Part 227.1Opposed
The Family Man S324.6Neutral / not counted
Panchayat S423.8Neutral / not counted
Taaza Khabar23.5Neutral / not counted
Figure 24.11. Over time: streaming originals Ormax viewership (m views)
01020304020182020202220242026Streaming originals Ormax viewership 2018: 0m viewsStreaming originals Ormax viewership 2019: 0m viewsStreaming originals Ormax viewership 2020: 0m viewsStreaming originals Ormax viewership 2021: 0m viewsStreaming originals Ormax viewership 2022: 0m viewsStreaming originals Ormax viewership 2023: 10.8m viewsStreaming originals Ormax viewership 2024: 0m viewsStreaming originals Ormax viewership 2025: 38.4m viewsStreaming originals Ormax viewership 2026: 0m views0
Data table
Streaming originals Ormax viewership
20180
20190
20200
20210
20220
202310.8
20240
202538.4
20260

Measure 4. National Film Awards, principal categories

Reading 75.0%

6 H vs 2 R (71st and 72nd NFA principal categories); 0% of the blend (owner, 1 Nov 2026): reference only

Figure 24.12. Hindutva-aligned vs opposed, counted rows (awards)
Hindutva-aligned 6 awards · 33.3%Opposed 2 awards · 11.1%Transactional 0 awards · 0.0%Neutral / not counted 10 awards · 55.6%
Data table
awardsShare
Hindutva-aligned633.3%
Opposed211.1%
Transactional00.0%
Neutral / not counted1055.6%
Figure 24.13. The 15 biggest of 18 (awards)
71st NFA: Best Feature Film - 12th Fail1
71st NFA: Best Debut Film - Aatmapamphlet1
71st NFA: Best Popular Film - Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani1
71st NFA: Best Direction - The Kerala Story (Sudipto Sen)1
71st NFA: Best Actor - Jawan (Shah Rukh Khan)1
71st NFA: Best Actor - 12th Fail (Vikrant Massey)1
71st NFA: Best Actress - Mrs. Chatterjee vs Norway (Rani Mukerji)1
71st NFA: Best Film on National, Social & Environmental Values - Sam Bahadur1
71st NFA: Best Cinematography - The Kerala Story1
72nd NFA: Best Feature Film - Article 3701
72nd NFA: Best Debut Film - Swatantrya Veer Savarkar (Randeep Hooda)1
72nd NFA: Best Popular Film - Kalki 2898 AD1
72nd NFA: Best Direction - Amaran (Rajkumar Periasamy)1
72nd NFA: Best Actor - Bramayugam (Mammootty)1
72nd NFA: Best Actor - Chandu Champion (Kartik Aaryan)1
Hindutva-alignedOpposedNeutral / not counted
Data table
awardsSide
71st NFA: Best Feature Film - 12th Fail1Neutral / not counted
71st NFA: Best Debut Film - Aatmapamphlet1Neutral / not counted
71st NFA: Best Popular Film - Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani1Opposed
71st NFA: Best Direction - The Kerala Story (Sudipto Sen)1Hindutva-aligned
71st NFA: Best Actor - Jawan (Shah Rukh Khan)1Neutral / not counted
71st NFA: Best Actor - 12th Fail (Vikrant Massey)1Neutral / not counted
71st NFA: Best Actress - Mrs. Chatterjee vs Norway (Rani Mukerji)1Neutral / not counted
71st NFA: Best Film on National, Social & Environmental Values - Sam Bahadur1Neutral / not counted
71st NFA: Best Cinematography - The Kerala Story1Hindutva-aligned
72nd NFA: Best Feature Film - Article 3701Hindutva-aligned
72nd NFA: Best Debut Film - Swatantrya Veer Savarkar (Randeep Hooda)1Hindutva-aligned
72nd NFA: Best Popular Film - Kalki 2898 AD1Neutral / not counted
72nd NFA: Best Direction - Amaran (Rajkumar Periasamy)1Hindutva-aligned
72nd NFA: Best Actor - Bramayugam (Mammootty)1Neutral / not counted
72nd NFA: Best Actor - Chandu Champion (Kartik Aaryan)1Neutral / not counted

24.6Evidence base

The arena rests on 633 coded units and 66 time-series points. Of the units and flows, 62 are coded Hindutva-aligned, 64 opposed and 507 neutral, mixed or transactional. By source grade: 170 grade B, 423 grade C.

The full set of rows for this arena, each with its source, is in the Atlas data file (Appendix D).

Notes

  1. Ormax; Atlas M6; research H. ↩
  2. gross 70.1, titles 63.0 (17 H vs 10 R titles, 101 films); from the cleaned film_units rows (owner, round 2 D17). ↩
  3. gross 54.3, titles 44.3 (35 H vs 44 R titles, 386 films); from the cleaned rows (owner, round 2 D17). ↩
  4. 211 titles: count 56.7, Ormax viewership 54.5 (Dhurandhar and Main Atal Hoon coded as in cinema, D57-004; IC 814 coded once, Hindutva by its M6 framing, owner round 2 D16). Blend set by audience (owner, 1 Nov 2026): half reach, half annual viewing hours. Reach: streaming 66.5 crore people (Ormax OTT Audience Report 2026) vs cinema 15.7 crore (Ormax Sizing the Cinema, 2023) = 80.9% streaming. Hours: cinema 83.2 crore tickets (Ormax Box Office 2025) x 2.5 h = 2.1 bn; streaming films and series taken as 10% of the 517 bn hours of online video (Ormax 2026; conservative) = 51.7 bn, 96.1% streaming. Streaming 88.5%, cinema 11.5% (recent and 2014-26 at 3:1). ↩